|
is a Japanese term of Zen Buddhist origin which means "enduring the seemingly unbearable with patience and dignity".〔Smithsonian, ( "The Art of Gaman" ), ( "Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps, 1942-1946" )〕 The term is generally translated as "perseverance", "patience", tolerance, or "self-denial".〔(WWWJDIC )〕 A related term, , a compound with ''tsuyoi'' (strong), means "suffering the unbearable" or having a high capacity for a kind of stoic endurance.〔DeMente, Boye. (2003). 〕 ''Gaman'' is variously described as a "law,"〔( "Crushed, but true to law of ''gaman''," ) ''The Australian'' (Australia), 16 March 2011; headline excerpt, "...true to law of ''gaman''"〕 a "virtue,"〔( "Japanese resilience shines in light of tragedy," )''CTV Ottawa'' (Canada), 19 March 2011; excerpt, "... "it can't be helped," as well as the virtue "''gaman''" which defies easy translation, ... "〕 an "ethos,"〔Arnold, Wayne. ( "Enduring the unendurable," ) ''Business Standard'' (India). 15 March 2011; excerpt, "Experience with crises has shaped the Japanese ethos of "gaman" — "enduring the unendurable". Even after the March 11 disaster ...."〕 a "trait,"〔Jones, Clayton. ( "A nuclear meltdown in Japan? Not if these brave workers can help it," ) ''Christian Science Monitor''(US). March 15, 2011; excerpt, "One noble trait that the Japanese admire is ''gaman''. It is their word for the ability to persevere, endure, and overcome, with patience .... Japan may remember them for their ''gaman'' despite personal exposure to dangerous levels of radiation.〕 etc. It means to do one's best in distressed times and to maintain self-control and discipline.〔Shibusawa, T.: ''Japanese American Elders'' In: Kolb, Patricia J. (Ed.) (2007). 〕〔Burns, Catherine. (2004). 〕〔( "A nuclear meltdown in Japan? Not if these brave workers can help it," ) ''Christian Science Monitor''(US). March 15, 2011; retrieved 18 March 2011; Arnold, Wayne. ( "Enduring the unendurable," )''Business Standard'' (India), 15 March 2011; retrieved 18 March 2011〕〔( "U.S. troops exposed to radiation," ) ''Detroit Free Press'' (US), March 16, 2011; retrieved 18 March 2011; Lloyd, Mike. ( "Japanese remain calm while dealing with quake aftermath," ) ''National Post'' (Canada). 16 March 2011; retrieved 18 March 2011〕〔( "Japan as nuclear crisis worsens," ) ''USA Today'' (US). March 17, 2011; retrieved 28 March 2011〕 Gaman is a teaching of Zen Buddhism.〔West, Mark I. (2009). 〕 ==Analysis== ''Gaman'' has been attributed to the Japanese-Americans and others held in United States' internment camps during World War II〔Japanese National American Museum, ( "The Art of Gaman: Enduring the Seemingly Unbearable with Patience and Dignity," ) March 2010; retrieved 18 March 2011; ( "Art by Japanese-American Detainees During World War Two Shows Their Struggle and Humanity," ) ''VOA News'' (US). May 18, 2010; retrieved 18 March 2011〕 and to those affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in northern Japan.〔Köhler, Nicholas and Nancy Macdonald with Jason Kirby. ( "Why the world is wrong to count Japan out," ) ''Maclean's'' (Canada). March 25, 2011.〕 In the internment camps, ''Gaman'' was misperceived by non-Japanese as introverted behavior or as a lack of assertiveness or initiative rather than as a demonstration of strength in the face of difficulty or suffering.〔Niiya, Brian. (1993). , citing Betty Furuta, (1981). "Ethnic Identities of Japanese-American Families: Implications for Counseling," in ''Understanding the Family: Stress and Change in American Family Life'' (Cathleen Gerry and Winnifred Humphreys, eds.), pp. 200-231, 212.〕 After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the resilience, civility, lack of looting and ability of the Japanese to help each other was widely attributed to the ''gaman'' spirit.〔 The 50–70 workers that remained at the damaged and radiation-emitting Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant despite the severe danger demonstrated what was regarded as ''gaman'' as well.〔Mateo, Ibarra C. ( "Japanese show power of patience, stoic discipline amid triple crises," ) ''Philippine Daily Inquirer,'' 27 March 2011; excerpt, "Fueled by ''gaman'' ..., the workers did not abandon their posts even if it seemed suicidal to go on. They showed another Japanese trait: putting first their country, community and group over their individual concerns."〕 ''Gaman'' is also used in psychoanalytic studies〔Johnson, Frank A. (1995) 〕 and to describe the attitudes of the Japanese. It is often taught to youth and largely used by older Japanese generations. Showing ''gaman'' is seen as a sign of maturity and strength. Keeping your private affairs, problems and complaints silent demonstrates strength and politeness as others have seemingly larger problems as well. If a person with ''gaman'' were to receive help from someone else, they would be compliant; not asking for any additional help and voicing no concerns.〔Burns, ; Kolb, 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gaman (term)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|